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TURKMENISTAN, a central Asian republic of the former USSR, declared itself a republic in 1991. It is bounded in the west by the Caspian Sea, in the northwest by Kazakhstan. In the north and northeast by Uzbekistan, in the southeast by Afghanistan, and the southwest by Iran.
All but about 20 percent of the land consists of the arid “black sands” of the Karakum Desert. In the country’s central and northern part lies the Adzhakya Basin, where the land descends to some 80 meters or 265 feet below sea level. Hills and the Köpet Dag Mountains rise in the south and east, and some peaks exceed 3,040 meters or 10,000 feet in height. These ranges extend for over 1,449 kilometers or 900 miles and straddle the border with Iran and Afghanistan.
TUNISIA is a country in North Africa that lies on the south coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Algeria bounds it to the west and Libya to the south. Several islands, notably Djerba and Kerkennah, lie near the shore. Northern Tunisia consists of hills, plains, and valleys. Inland, the Atlas Mountains project’s foothills into the northwestern part of the country, rising from 610-1,520 meters or 2,000-5,000 feet.
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO form the third-largest British Commonwealth country in the West Indies. The islands, situated off the Orinoco Delta in northeastern Venezuela, are the most southerly of the Lesser Antilles group.
Trinidad consists of a mountain range in the north and undulating plains in the south. It has a vast, asphalt-producing lake, Pitch Lake, approximately 42 hectares or 104 acres in size. Tobago is a mountain that is about 550 meters or 1,800 feet above sea level at its peak.
THAILAND, formerly known as Siam, is a constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. The only country in the region to have escaped being made into a European colony (although Japanese troops occupied it during World War II). It is a tropical country of mountains and jungles, rainforests, and green plains.
TANZANIA, a republic on the east coast of central southern Africa, comprises a large mainland area and Pemba and Zanzibar’s islands. Tanzania lies east of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia, south of Kenya, and north of Mozambique, with the Indian Ocean in the east.
TAJIKISTAN is a republic of the former USSR, which declared itself | independent in 1991. China bounds this central Asian country in the east, Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, and Kyrgyzstan to the north. It also includes the autonomous region of Gorno-Badakh Shan.