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Advanced economies

Advanced economies, as defined by the IMF, are the world’s most developed nations, characterized by high income levels, technological leadership, and global influence. While they face challenges like aging populations and inequality, they remain key drivers of innovation and governance. For a detailed description, click on the article title.

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APEC

APEC, founded in 1989, promotes free trade and economic integration among 21 Pacific Rim economies, driving innovation, sustainability, and inclusive growth. For a detailed description, click on the article title.

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Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean, Earth’s smallest ocean, is vital for climate regulation, biodiversity, and global trade. Melting ice is reshaping its ecosystems and geopolitics, raising urgent environmental concerns. For a detailed description, click on the article title.

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ARF

The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), established in 1994, fosters dialogue and cooperation on political and security issues among 27 members, promoting peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific. For a detailed description, click on the article title.

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Arms race

An arms race involves rival nations expanding their military capabilities in response to perceived threats, often exemplified by the Cold War nuclear competition. For a detailed description, click on the article title.

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Australia Group

The Australia Group (AG), established in 1985, coordinates export controls to prevent the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons, supporting global security and arms control agreements. For a detailed description, click on the article title.

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BSEC

The Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) fosters economic collaboration and stability among 13 member states, focusing on trade, transport, energy, and sustainability. For a detailed description, click on the article title.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a tense ideological and geopolitical struggle between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991, marked by proxy wars, an arms race, and global influence. For a detailed description, click on the article title.

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Colombo Plan

The Colombo Plan, established in 1951, promotes economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific. With 27 member nations, it focuses on regional cooperation, technical assistance, and capacity building. For a detailed description, click on the article title.

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Community of Democracies

The Community of Democracies (CD), established in 2000, promotes and upholds democratic principles through cooperation among its member states. It focuses on free elections, the rule of law, and civil society empowerment. For a detailed description, click on the article title.