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Horizontal migration involves movement within similar ecological or socioeconomic zones, maintaining continuity in living conditions or habitat. For a detailed description, click on the article title.
Voluntary or coerced settling down, particularly by pastoral nomads in the Middle East.
The organization of kinship groups in concentric units of membership, lineage, clan, and tribe among Middle Eastern pastoral nomads.
The movement of pastoral nomads and their herd animals between low-elevation winter pastures and high-elevation summer pastures.