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The Arctic Council, established in 1996, promotes cooperation among Arctic nations and Indigenous peoples to protect the Arctic environment and support sustainable development. For a detailed description, click on the article title.
The Arctic Ocean, Earth’s smallest ocean, is vital for climate regulation, biodiversity, and global trade. Melting ice is reshaping its ecosystems and geopolitics, raising urgent environmental concerns. For a detailed description, click on the article title.
Continental islands, like New Guinea and Tasmania, were once part of nearby continents but became separated due to geological processes. These islands are rich in biodiversity and cultural history. For a detailed description, click on the article title.
An ice cap biome features year-round ice cover, no vegetation, and long, freezing winters with brief, cool summers, playing a vital role in Earth’s climate. For a detailed description, click on the article title.