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Tierra helada
A Latin American climatic zone above 10,000 feet (3,048 m) has little vegetation and frequent snow cover.
Category: Glossary
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Tierra templada
A Latin American climatic zone extending from approximately 3,000 to 6,000 feet (914-1,829 m) above sea level.
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Tigris river
One of the most important rivers of southwest Asia. It supported several ancient river valley civilizations and flowed through parts of Turkey, Syria, and Iraq.
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Time zone
A time zone is an area that observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude because it is convenient for frequent communication areas to keep the same time.
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Tokugawa
Shogunate The period 1600 to 1868 in Japan, characterized by a feudal hierarchy and Japan’s isolation from the outside world.
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Topographic map
A general reference map. A representation of natural and human-made features on the earth.
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Topography
The combined characteristics of landforms and their distribution in a region.
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Tornado
A powerful funnel-shaped column of spiraling air.
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Total fertility rate
The total fertility rate gives a figure for the average number of children born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and took children according to an offered fertility rate at each age.
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Tradable permits
A proposed mechanism for reducing total global greenhouse gases in which each country would be assigned the right to emit a certain quantity of carbon dioxide, according to its population size, setting the total at an acceptable global standard.
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Trade winds
Streams of air that originate in semipermanent highpressure cells on the margins of the tropics and are attracted equator ward by a semipermanent low-pressure cell.
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Trans-Siberian Railroad
A railroad that would eventually link Moscow to the Pacific port of Vladivostok. Built between 1891 and 1903.
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Transcaucasia
A region that consists of the republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Located between the Caucasus mountains and the borders of Turkey and Iran.
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Transhumance
The movement of pastoral nomads and their herd animals between low-elevation winter pastures and high-elevation summer pastures.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
A treaty between Spain and Portugal in 1494 gave Portugal control over the land that is present-day Brazil.
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Treaty of waitangi
The treaty signed by the British and Maori in 1840 giving Britain control over New Zealand.
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Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade, spanning the 16th to 19th centuries, connected Europe, West Africa, and the Americas through the exchange of goods, enslaved people, and raw materials, leaving a profound and complex legacy. For a detailed description, click on the article title.
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Trophic Levels
Trophic levels represent stages in the food chain, from producers at the base to apex predators, illustrating the flow of energy and nutrients in ecosystems. For a detailed description, click on the article title.
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Tropical Deciduous Forest
Tropical deciduous forests are characterized by seasonal leaf shedding during dry periods and regrowth in the wet season, supporting diverse flora and fauna while providing valuable resources. For a detailed description, click on the article title.
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Tropical Rain Forest
Tropical rain forests are dense, evergreen ecosystems in low-latitude regions with continuous warmth and moisture, playing a critical role in biodiversity and climate regulation. For a detailed description, click on the article title.